Last updated: Saturday 3rd April 2010, 14:36 PT, AD

PLEASE REFRESH THIS PAGE TO GET THE LATEST VERSION

Python Operator Precedence

When writing Python expressions, it's usually best to indicate the order of operations by using parentheses (brackets).

If parentheses are not used in an expression, the computer will perform the operations in an order determined by the precedence rules. . .

Precedence Rules

Highest precedence

( ) (anything in brackets is done first)

** (exponentiation)

-x, +x

*, /, %, //

+, -

relational operators: <, >, <=, >=, !=, ==

logical not

logical and

logical or

Lowest precedence

What the above means is explained in the examples below:

Example 1

x = 17 / 2 * 3 + 2

print (x)
 
In the expression to evaluate the value of x, the operators / and * share equal precedence 
that is higher than that of the + operator. 
Hence the division and multiply are done before the addition, 
resulting in an output of 27.5, as explained here...
 
17 / 2  is  8.5
8.5  *  3  is  25.5
25.5  +  2  is  27.5
 
 
 
Example 2
 
x = 2 + 17 / 2 * 3

print (x)
 
In the expression to evaluate the value of x, the operators / and * share equal precedence
that is higher than that of the + operator. 
Hence the division and multiply are done before the addition, 
resulting in an output of 27.5, as explained here...
 
17 / 2  is  8.5
8.5 * 3  is  25.5
25.5 + 2  is  27.5
 
 
 
 
Example 3

The % (modulus or modulo) operator yields the remainder from the division of the first argument by the second. The arguments may be floating point numbers, e.g., 3.14 % 0.7 equals 0.34 (since 3.14 equals 4 * 0.7 + 0.34.),

or integer numbers, e.g., 5 % 2 equals 1 (since 5 equals 2 * 2 + 1.).

 
Click here for info on when you might want to use the modulus operator.
 
x = 19 % 4 + 15 / 2 * 3
print (x)
 
In the expression to evaluate the value of x, the operators % / and * share equal precedence 
that is higher than that of the + operator. 
Hence the % (modulus), division and multiply are done before the addition, 
resulting in an output of 25.5, as explained here...
 
19  %  4   is  3
15 / 2 is  7.5
7.5  *  3   is  22.5
22.5  +  3 is  25.5
 
 
 
 
Example 4
 
x = (15 + 6) - 10 * 4
print (x)
 
In the expression to evaluate the value of x, the brackets have highest of all precedence, 
so is evaluated before anything else, then * is done, and lastly the - subtraction, 
resulting in an output of -19 (minus 19), as explained here...
 
15 + 6  is 21
10 * 4  is  40
21 - 40 is -19
 
 
 
 
 
Example 5

x = 17 / 2 % 2 * 3**3

print (x)
 
In the expression to evaluate the value of x, the exponentiation is done first 
(three to the power of 3 is 3 * 3 * 3 which equals 27) as it has higher precedence to the other operators (/ % and *). 
 
So, ...
 
This is the order of evaluation:
Exponentiation is done first and the expression then evaluates from left to right:
3 to the power of 3 is 27. 

the expression is now 17 / 2 % 2 * 27

17 / 2 is 8.5

8.5 % 2 is 0.5

0.5 * 27 is 13.5

End of Python_Precedence.htm